SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Backscatter</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Backscatter</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Backscatter_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Backscatter (disambiguation)">Backscatter (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<p>In <a href="Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <b>backscatter</b> (or <b>backscattering</b>) is the <a href="Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflection</a> of <a href="Wave" title="Wave">waves</a>, <a href="Particle" title="Particle">particles</a>, or <a href="Signal" title="Signal">signals</a> back to the direction from which they came. It is usually a <a href="Diffuse_reflection" title="Diffuse reflection">diffuse reflection</a> due to <a href="Scattering" title="Scattering">scattering</a>, as opposed to <a href="Specular_reflection" title="Specular reflection">specular reflection</a> as from a <a href="Mirror" title="Mirror">mirror</a>, although specular backscattering can occur at normal incidence with a surface. Backscattering has important applications in <a href="Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>, and <a href="Medical_ultrasonography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical ultrasonography">medical ultrasonography</a>. The opposite effect is <a href="Forward_scatter" title="Forward scatter">forward scatter</a>, e.g. when a <a href="Transparency_and_translucency" title="Transparency and translucency">translucent</a> material like a cloud diffuses <a href="Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a>, giving <a href="Soft_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft light">soft light</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Backscatter_of_waves_in_physical_space">Backscatter of waves in physical space</h2></div>

<p>Backscattering can occur in quite different physical situations, where the incoming waves or particles are deflected from their original direction by different mechanisms:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Diffuse_reflection" title="Diffuse reflection">Diffuse reflection</a> from large particles and <a href="Mie_scattering" title="Mie scattering">Mie scattering</a>, causing <a href="Alpenglow" title="Alpenglow">alpenglow</a> and <a href="Gegenschein" title="Gegenschein">gegenschein</a>, and showing up in <a href="Weather_radar" title="Weather radar">weather radar</a>;</li>

<li><a href="Inelastic_collision" title="Inelastic collision">Inelastic collisions</a> between electromagnetic waves and the transmitting medium (<a href="Brillouin_scattering" title="Brillouin scattering">Brillouin scattering</a> and <a href="Raman_scattering" title="Raman scattering">Raman scattering</a>), important in fiber optics, see below;</li>

<li><a href="Elastic_collision" title="Elastic collision">Elastic collisions</a> between accelerated ions and a sample (<a href="Rutherford_backscattering" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherford backscattering">Rutherford backscattering</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Bragg's_law" title="Bragg's law">Bragg diffraction</a> from crystals, used in inelastic scattering experiments (<a href="Neutron_backscattering" title="Neutron backscattering">neutron backscattering</a>, X-ray backscattering spectroscopy);</li>

<li><a href="Compton_scattering" title="Compton scattering">Compton scattering</a>, used in <a href="Backscatter_X-ray" title="Backscatter X-ray">Backscatter X-ray</a> imaging.</li>

<li><i>Stimulated backscatter</i>, observed in <a href="Non-linear_optics" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-linear optics">non-linear optics</a>, and described by a class of solutions to the <a href="Three-wave_equation" title="Three-wave equation">three-wave equation</a>.</li></ul>

<p>Sometimes, the scattering is more or less isotropic, i.e. the incoming particles are scattered randomly in various directions, with no particular preference for backward scattering. In these cases, the term "backscattering" just designates the detector location chosen for some practical reasons:

</p>

<ul><li>in X-ray imaging, backscattering means just the opposite of transmission imaging;</li>

<li>in inelastic neutron or X-ray spectroscopy, backscattering geometry is chosen because it optimizes the energy resolution;</li>

<li>in <a href="Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, backscattered light is that which is reflected with a <a href="Phase_angle_(astronomy)" title="Phase angle (astronomy)">phase angle</a> of less than 90°.</li></ul>

<p>In other cases, the scattering intensity is enhanced in backward direction. This can have different reasons:

</p>

<ul><li>In <a href="Alpenglow" title="Alpenglow">alpenglow</a>, red light prevails because the blue part of the spectrum is depleted by <a href="Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh scattering</a>.</li>

<li>In <a href="Gegenschein" title="Gegenschein">gegenschein</a>, constructive interference might play a role.</li>

<li><a href="Coherent_backscattering" title="Coherent backscattering">Coherent backscattering</a> is observed in random media; for visible light most typically in <a href="Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">suspensions</a> like milk. Due to <a href="Weak_localization" title="Weak localization">weak localization</a>, enhanced multiple scattering is observed in back direction.

<ul><li>The <a href="Back_Scattering_Alignment" class="mw-redirect" title="Back Scattering Alignment">Back Scattering Alignment</a> (BSA) coordinate system is often used in <a href="Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> applications</li>

<li>The <a href="Forward_Scattering_Alignment" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward Scattering Alignment">Forward Scattering Alignment</a> (FSA) coordinate system is primarily used in optical applications</li></ul></li></ul>

<p>Backscattering properties of a target are wavelength dependent and can also be polarization dependent. Sensor systems using multiple wavelengths or polarizations can thus be used to infer additional information about target properties.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radar,_especially_weather_radar">Radar, especially weather radar</h3></div>

<p>Backscattering is the principle behind <a href="Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> systems. In <a href="Weather_radar" title="Weather radar">weather radar</a>, backscattering is proportional to the 6th power of the diameter of the target multiplied by its inherent reflective properties, provided the wavelength is larger than the particle diameter (<a href="Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh scattering</a>). Water is almost 4 times more reflective than ice but droplets are much smaller than snow flakes or hail stones. So the backscattering is dependent on a mix of these two factors. The strongest backscatter comes from <a href="Hail" title="Hail">hail</a> and large <a href="Graupel" title="Graupel">graupel</a> (<a href="Solid" title="Solid">solid</a> <a href="Ice" title="Ice">ice</a>) due to their sizes, but non-Rayleigh (<a href="Mie_scattering" title="Mie scattering">Mie scattering</a>) effects can confuse interpretation. Another strong return is from melting <a href="Snow" title="Snow">snow</a> or wet <a href="Rain_and_snow_mixed" title="Rain and snow mixed">sleet</a>, as they combine size and water reflectivity. They often show up as much higher <a href="Rate_(mathematics)" title="Rate (mathematics)">rates</a> of <a href="Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> than actually occurring in what is called a <i><a href="Weather_radar#Bright_band" title="Weather radar">brightband</a>.</i> <a href="Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> is a moderate backscatter, being stronger with large drops (such as from a <a href="Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorm</a>) and much weaker with small <a href="Droplet" class="mw-redirect" title="Droplet">droplets</a> (such as <a href="Mist" title="Mist">mist</a> or <a href="Drizzle" title="Drizzle">drizzle</a>). <a href="Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a> has rather weak backscatter. Dual polarization weather radars measure backscatter at horizontal and vertical polarizations to infer shape information from the ratio of the vertical and horizontal signals.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_waveguides">In waveguides</h2></div>

<p>The backscattering method is also employed in <a href="Fiber_optics" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber optics">fiber optics</a> applications to detect optical faults. Light propagating through a <a href="Fiber-optic_cable" title="Fiber-optic cable">fiber-optic cable</a> gradually attenuates due to <a href="Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh scattering</a>. Faults are thus detected by monitoring the variation of part of the Rayleigh backscattered light. Since the backscattered light <a href="Attenuation_(electromagnetic_radiation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attenuation (electromagnetic radiation)">attenuates</a> <a href="Exponential_function" title="Exponential function">exponentially</a> as it travels along the <a href="Optical_fiber_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical fiber cable">optical fiber cable</a>, the attenuation characteristic is represented in a <a href="Logarithmic_scale" title="Logarithmic scale">logarithmic scale</a> <a href="Graph_of_a_function" title="Graph of a function">graph</a>. If the <a href="Slope" title="Slope">slope</a> of the graph is steep, then power loss is high. If the slope is gentle, then optical fiber has a satisfactory loss characteristic.

</p><p>The loss measurement by the backscattering method allows measurement of a fiber-optic cable at one end without cutting the optical fiber hence it can be conveniently used for the construction and maintenance of optical fibers.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_photography">In photography</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter (photography)</a></div>

<p>The term backscatter in photography refers to light from <a href="Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">flash</a>, <a href="Strobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Strobe">strobe</a>, or video lights reflecting back from particles in the lens's field of view, causing specks of light to appear in the photo. This gives rise to what are sometimes referred to as <i>orb artifacts</i>. Photographic backscatter can result from snowflakes, rain or mist, or airborne dust. Due to the size limitations of the modern compact and ultra-compact cameras, especially digital cameras, the distance between the lens and the built-in flash has decreased, thereby decreasing the angle of light <a href="Reflection_(physics)" title="Reflection (physics)">reflection</a> to the lens and increasing the likelihood of light reflection off normally sub-visible particles. Hence, the orb artifact is commonplace with small digital or film camera photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-Fuji_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuji-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baron2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baron2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Backscatter_(email)" title="Backscatter (email)">Backscatter (email)</a></li>

<li><a href="Backscatter_X-ray" title="Backscatter X-ray">Backscatter X-ray</a> (in security scanning applications, e.g. at airports)</li>

<li><a href="Forward_scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward scattering">Forward scattering</a></li>

<li><a href="Scattering" title="Scattering">Scattering</a></li>

<li><a href="Electron_backscatter_diffraction" title="Electron backscatter diffraction">Electron backscatter diffraction</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050727000507/http://home.fujifilm.com/products/digital/shooting/flash.html">"Flash reflections from floating dust particles"</a>. <i>Fujifilm.com</i>. Fuji Film. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.fujifilm.com/products/digital/shooting/flash.html">the original</a> on July 27, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Baron2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baron2008_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Cynthia_Baron" title="Cynthia Baron">Cynthia Baron</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1c8LAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA310">Adobe Photoshop Forensics: Sleuths, Truths, and Fauxtography</a></i>. Cengage Learning; 2008. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-59863-643-X</bdi>. p. 310–.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q916258#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata644" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q916258#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata644" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85010803">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007284501005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/c19d70c3-84ac-4402-8d3b-8172b2786e65">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-01" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Backscatter&oldid=1298206952">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>